Calcium Sodium Phosphosilicate Research Articles

Remineralization potential of dentifrices with calcium sodium phosphosilicate and functionalized tri-calcium phosphate in the deeper incipient carious lesions: An in vitro study.

This study evaluated the remineralization potential of calcium sodium phosphosilicate and functionalized tri-calcium phosphate (f-TCP) dentifrices in deeper incipient carious lesions (ICLs). Artificial ICLs were created by placing premolars into demineralizing solutions. Teeth were randomly assigned into four groups: calcium sodium phosphosilicate (Group 1), f-TCP (Group 2), 1450 ppm fluoride (Group 3), and distilled water (Group 4), which were subjected to 10-daypH cycling. Mineral density (MD) was assessed using microcomputed tomography (Micro-CT), while hardness (H) and elastic modulus (EM) were assessed using nanomechanical testing. MD % gain was higher in Groups 1-3 than in Group 4. In addition, Groups 1 and 2 exhibited significantly higher MD % gain than Group 3. Also, Groups 1-3 showed significantly higher EM and H values than Group 4 in the outer enamel area; yet, Groups 1 and 2 displayed significantly higher EM and H values than Groups 3 and 4 in the inner enamel. The MD, EM, and H of ICLs significantly increased with the addition of calcium sodium phosphosilicate or f-TCP to fluoridated dentifrices compared to standard fluoride dentifrices. The added active ingredients remineralized the deeper parts of the ICLs, while remineralization at the lesion surface was similar between tested dentifrices.

Impact of Various Desensitizing Agents on the Micro-Tensile Bond Strength of Adhesive Systems: <i>In-Vitro</i> Study

Objectives: To assess the influence of various desensitizing agents on the micro-tensile bond strength of various adhesive systems. Methods: Fifty extracted human permanent third molars, were sectioned at the cementoenamel junction in order to expose the mid-coronal dentinal tubules in parallel to the occlusal surface using a diamond disc and water coolant. The samples were divided into five groups and each sample was immersed in the respective desensitizing agent (Groups 1 to 5; Group 1- Distilled water, Group 2- Arginine calcium carbonate (Sensitive Pro-Relief Colgate- Palmolive, India, Group 3- Calcium sodium phosphosilicate (Repair and Protect, GlaxoSmithKline, India), Group 4- Strontium chloride hexahydrate 10% w/w (ICPA Health Products Ltd, India.), Group 5- Er,Cr: YSGG (Waterlase MD, Biolase, Irvine, CA, USA) with each group having a sample of n = 10. Each group was further divided into two subgroups (n = 5) based on the adhesive system (either a One-step self-etch adhesive (Xeno v+) (SE) or a two-step etch and rinse adhesive (Prime and Bond NT) (EandR)). Instron Micro tensile Tester was used to analyze the Micro-Tensile Bond Strength (MTBS) of the samples. Results: The bond strength of the control group (Group 1) was greater as compared to the other four groups, though statistically insignificant. There was a significant difference in the bond strength of the two subgroups (p<0.001) One-step self-etch adhesive (SE, Xeno V+) and two-step etch and rinse adhesive (EandR; Prime and Bond NT) adhesive. Conclusion: The use of desensitizing agents does not affect the micro tensile bond strength of adhesives used for the management of restoration of Non-Cervical Carious Lesions (NCCL). Microtensile bond strength with a self-etch adhesive system was significantly lower in the desensitized dentin irrespective of the agents used.

Effect of commercial desensitizing agents and eggshell derived nano-hydroxyapatite on bond strength of a universal adhesive to dentin

BackgroundThe combined demineralized and remineralized dentin in hypersensitive teeth makes bonding to it enigmatic. AimThe aim of this in vitro study is to determine the effect of three commercially available desensitizing agents and a naturally sourced, chicken eggshell-derived nano-hydroxyapatite (CES-nHAp) on the wettability and shear bond strength (SBS) of a universal adhesive to dentin. Material and MethodsFlat dentin surface was exposed in 218 extracted human molars, treated with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 5 min and patency of the tubules was confirmed in three samples under a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The remaining samples were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 43) based on the 14-day desensitizing protocol as: group 1: no desensitizing treatment (control), group 2: casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), group 3: NovaMin (NM), group 4: Pro-Argin® (PA) and group 5: CES-nHAp. Tubule occlusion was analyzed under FESEM (n = 3). The contact angle (CA) of a universal adhesive resin (Single Bond Universal Adhesive, 3 M ESPE, MN, USA) to dentin was evaluated using a goniometer (n = 20). SBS was evaluated in a universal testing machine following resin composite build-up and the mode of fracture was analyzed using a stereomicroscope (n = 20). The data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's post-hoc test with Bonferroni correction (p<0.05). ResultsPA (36.61±3.88) and CES-nHAp (35.33±3.75) treated dentin showed significantly higher CA compared to the other groups (p<0.05). CES-nHAp (16.52±7.22) treated dentin showed significantly higher SBS, compared to CPP-ACP (10.65±4.60, p<0.05). ConclusionWithin the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that desensitizers alter the wetting characteristics of the adhesive to dentin, with CPP-ACP and NM-based desensitizers showing the least influence on CA. The application of the desensitizer does not affect the self-etch bond strength of the universal adhesive used in the study.

Improving Oral Health with Fluoride-Free Calcium-Phosphate-Based Biomimetic Toothpastes: An Update of the Clinical Evidence.

As the demand for clinically effective fluoride-free oral care products for consumers increases, it is important to document which types of toothpastes have been shown in clinical studies to be effective in improving oral health. In this review, we included different indications, i.e., caries prevention, improving periodontal health, reducing dentin hypersensitivity, protecting against dental erosion, and safely improving tooth whitening in defining what constitutes improvement in oral health. While there are several professional and consumer fluoride-containing formulations fortified with calcium-phosphate-based ingredients, this review focuses on fluoride-free toothpastes containing biomimetic calcium-phosphate-based molecules as the primary active ingredients. Several databases were searched, and only clinical trials in human subjects were included; in vitro and animal studies were excluded. There were 62 oral health clinical trials on biomimetic hydroxyapatite (HAP), 57 on casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), 26 on calcium sodium phosphosilicate (CSPS, or so called Bioglass), and 2 on β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). HAP formulations were tested the most in clinical trials for benefits in preventing caries, dentin hypersensitivity, improving periodontal health, and tooth whitening. Based on the current clinical evidence to date, fluoride-free HAP toothpaste formulations are the most versatile of the calcium phosphate active ingredients in toothpastes for improving oral health.

Evaluation of Bioactive Glass Treatment for Dentin Hypersensitivity: A Systematic Review.

The aim of this systematic review is to compare home and office desensitizers containing bioactive glass with control groups in randomized controlled trials (RCT) conducted between 2018 and 2022. According to PRISMA guidelines, three electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane Library) were searched for published scientific articles in October 2022. RCT with adult participants with dentin hypersensitivity (DH) diagnosed by evaporative, mechanical, or thermal stimulation, with a follow-up period and quantified pain assessment were included in the study. Studies that reported DH due to tooth restoration, crown preparation, bleaching, or periodontal surgery or used bioactive glass-ceramics were excluded. The quality of the studies was assessed using version 2 of the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias Tool for randomized studies (RoB 2 tool). Articles that were duplicative or unrelated to this study were excluded. Nine articles were selected for full-text evaluation, whereas two articles were rejected. The remaining seven reports were included in this review. The calcium sodium phosphosilicate group (CSPS) was not significantly different from the positive control groups. Compared with the control groups, fluoro calcium phosphosilicate (FCPS) may be the most effective long-term treatment option. In terms of DH symptom reduction, the FCPS group performed better than the CSPS group. CSPS at a concentration of 5-15% and FCPS at a concentration of 5% are effective in treating DH in adult participants.

Dentine surface modification and remineralization induced by bioactive toothpastes.

In this study, dentine surface was analysed through Environmental-scanning-electron-microscopy (ESEM) with energy-dispersive-X-ray-spectrometry (EDX) and Fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy (FTIR) with attenuated total-reflectance (ATR) to assess the morpho-chemical changes and variations in mineralization degree after demineralizing treatment, after five toothpastes application (HA & Citrate toothpaste, Zinc-HA toothpaste, Calcium Sodium Phosphosilicate toothpaste, Arginine & Calcium carbonate toothpaste, Colgate-Triple-Action, and Control toothpaste), after soaking in artificial saliva and after citric acid attack. Ca/P, Ca/N and P/N ratios were calculated from EDX atomic data to evaluate the mineralization degree of dentine surface. The IR calcium phosphate (CaP)/collagen and carbonate/collagen ratios has been evaluated to assess the remineralization changes in dentine; the carbonate/collagen IR ratio was calculated to identify the nucleation of B-type-carbonated apatite and calcium carbonate. ESEM-EDX and ATR-FTIR showed residuals of toothpastes after the treatments in all cases, with a general increase in the mineralization degree after soaking in artificial saliva and a decrease after acid attack. Treatment with Arginine & Calcium carbonate toothpaste showed the highest Ca/P value after treatment (Ca/P 1.62) and acid attack (Ca/P 1.5) in confirmation, IR showed the highest amount of carbonate after treatment and soaking in artificial saliva. Arginine and calcium carbonate toothpaste and HA and citrate toothpaste remained to a higher extent on the dentine surface and revealed a higher remineralization activity. These formulations showed higher resistance to demineralization attack, as demonstrated by a higher ICaP /IAmide II intensity ratio than those obtained after EDTA treatment. Toothpastes that remained to a higher extent on dentine surface (arginine and calcium carbonate toothpaste in particular) were more able to promote remineralization. The formed calcium phosphate (CaPs) phase was intimately bound to dentine rather than a simple deposit.

Evaluation of efficacy of various remineralizing agents on artificially demineralized human enamel – An in-vitro study

Currently much research revolves around remineralization as incidence of white spot lesions in patient undergoing orthodontic treatment is 2-96%. The objective of this study was to find out the efficacy of Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate (CPP-ACFP), Functionalized tricalcium phosphate (f-TCP), Calcium sodium phosphosilicate (CSPS), Calcium sucrose phosphate (CSP), Nano hydroxyapatite (nHAP) and Fluoride (F) in remineralizing artificially demineralized enamel and DIAGNOdent and scanning electron microscope were used to record the changes. The study included 140 extracted premolars which were divided into 7 groups in which 6 were experimental groups: I (CPP-ACPF), II (f-TCP), III (CSPS), IV (CSP), V (nHAP), VI (F) and 1 control group: VII (C). All the samples were evaluated using DIAGNOdent at the baseline, post demineralization and post remineralization. One sample was randomly selected from each group for evaluation using SEM. Statistical analysis has shown that all the groups had higher amount of remineralization except control group. CSPS showed maximum remineralization. All the artificially demineralized samples treated with remineralizing agents for 3 weeks reduced the severity of lesions by forming calcific deposits. However CSPS showed marginally more amount of remineralization than others.

Effectiveness of a Single Chair Side Application of NovaMin® [Calcium Sodium Phosphosilicate] in the Treatment of Dentine Hypersensitivity following Ultrasonic Scaling-A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Dentinal hypersensitivity or cervical dentinal sensitivity is one of the commonest clinical problems. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of a single chair side application of 100% pure calcium sodium phosphosilicate (NovaMin®) in reducing dentin hypersensitivity following ultrasonic scaling as evaluated on a visual analogue scale (VAS). The study included 50 subjects who were selected based on an evaluation of dentinal hypersensitivity on a VAS carried out using a metered air blast from a three-way syringe and divided into two groups (n = 25/group); i.e., the test group (Group A) received the NovaMin® paste and the control group (Group B) received a placebo paste made from pumice. All the 50 subjects included in the study were had VAS scores of 3 or more. The NovaMin® powder mixed with distilled water was applied. Dentinal hypersensitivity was reassessed immediately and after 1, 2 and 4 weeks after the procedure. Results showed that the percentage reduction of dentinal hypersensitivity following a single application of NovaMin® in powder form was about 76.38% immediately, 67.72% one week postoperatively, 52.76% two weeks postoperatively and 26.78% four weeks postoperatively. It can be concluded from the results of the current clinical study demonstrated that a single chair side application of NovaMin® in powder form has a significant and immediate reduction in dentinal hypersensitivity, which lasted nearly for four weeks.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Three Different Desensitizing Toothpastes in Reducing Dentinal Hypersensitivity: A Four-Week Clinical Study

Aim Comparing the efficacy of three different desensitizing toothpastes containing natural ingredients potassium nitrate and calcium sodium phosphosilicate in reducing dentin hypersensitivity DH.Method Adult patients with hypersensitivity related to circumstances that expose dentin were the subjects in this four-week trial. Patients were split into three groups Group I Natural desensitizing paste Bentodent Group II Potassium nitrate Sensodyne and Group III Calcium sodium phosphosilicate Shy-NM. The Visual Analog Scale VAS was used to measure the sensitivity scores with tactile and air stimuli at baseline immediately after application and after one week and four weeks. Chi-square test and One-way ANOVA test were used and P le0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results Group I and Group III showed significantly better reduction in DH at all time intervals when compared to Group II. Group I and III were significantly effective than Group II at one and four week evaluations.Conclusion The most effective desensitizing toothpaste in reducing hypersensitivity was the one containing natural ingredients like propolis guava leaves another containing calcium sodium phosphosilicate followed by potassium nitrate containing toothpaste up to a period of four weeks.

Comparative Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Three Commercially Available Desensitizing Mouthwash on Dentinal Tubule Occlusion: An In Vitro Scanning Electron Microscopic Study.

To compare and evaluate the effectiveness of three commercially available desensitizing mouthwashes on dentinal tubule occlusion in vitro using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Twenty-seven premolar maxillary teeth were collected and cleaned to remove debris and tissue using an ultrasonic scaler. Enamel was removed with the help of a high-speed plain cut tungsten carbide fissure bur under continuous water spray. Dentinal discs measuring 5 mm × 5 mm × 3 mm were prepared from the coronal region of the extracted teeth using a double-sided carborundum disc and straight micromotor handpiece. Using carborundum paper, the discs were polished and washed with distilled water. The discs were etched using 37% phosphoric acid to remove any smear layer that was caused by the grinding process and to simulate dentinal hypersensitivity by opening the dentinal tubules. The specimens were again washed and stored in distilled water until use. Samples were then randomly allocated into Group A: calcium sodium phosphosilicate mouthwash, Group B: potassium nitrate mouthwash, and Group C: dipotassium oxalate monohydrate mouthwash. The specimens were immersed in a test tube filled with the respective mouthwash and vigorously shaken for 60 s for simulating the natural mouth rinsing action. This procedure was repeated for 7 days, twice daily. To compare and assess the proportion of dentinal tubule occlusion, all the samples were processed and examined under an SEM. The efficacy of the mouthwash on the obliteration of dentinal tubules was compared using the Kruskal-Walis analysis of variance test followed by the post hoc Mann-Whitney U test for pairwise comparison. Group A showed completely occluded tubules in 5 (55.6) and mostly occluded tubules in 4 (44.4). Group B showed mostly occluded in 4 samples (44.4) and partially occluded in 5 samples (55.6) and Group C showed completely occluded tubules in 3 samples (33.3) and mostly occluded tubules in 6 samples (66.7). A P value of 0.05 or less is regarded as statistically significant. *P ≤ 0.05 is statistically significant. Between Group A and Group B as well as between Group B and Group C, there was a statistically significant difference. However, a statistically significant difference between Group A and Group C does not exist. The calcium sodium phosphosilicate group was shown to have the most occlusion of the dentinal tubule, followed by dipotassium oxalate monohydrate and potassium nitrate group.

Comparative evaluation of efficacy of commercially available calcium sodium phosphosilicate and potassium nitrate containing toothpaste in reducing dentinal hypersensitivity

Aim: Dental hypersensitivity is commonly complained by the subjects in the dental office or hospitals. Our chief aim was to compare two commercially available toothpastes containing Calcium sodium phosphosilicate and 5% potassium nitrate for the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity. Materials and methods: Sixty subjects with the chief complaint of dentinal hypersensitivity were selected and randomly divided into two groups. Assesment of hypersensitivity was done using visual analog scale (VAS) scores by applying water and air stimuli at baseline, 3 weeks after usage of the respective provided toothpaste, and 3 weeks after discontinuation i.e., 6 months of the respective toothpaste. Results: Both the groups showed reduction in hypersensitivity scores at 3 weeks and 6 weeks for air and water stimulus. The group provided with toothpaste containing potassium nitrate, however, showed significantly better reduction in hypersensitivity compared to the group provided with toothpaste containing calcium sodium phosphosilicate.

Comparative evaluation of remineralisation potential of bioactive glass, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate and novel strontium-doped nanohydroxyapatite paste: An In-Vitro study.

Many studies explained the importance of remineralisation of early carious lesions with various remineralising agents. In the present study, we incorporated the remineralising agents in a dentifrice, applied that in artificial enamel caries and evaluated their remineralising potential and compared the efficacy among the three. To evaluate and compare the remineralisation potential of a dentifrice containing bioactive glass, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate and novel laboratory synthesised strontiumdoped nanohydroxyapatite paste in artificial enamel caries. 120 enamel specimens were divided into 4 groups of 30 specimens each, based on the type of dentifrice applied: GI - conventional toothpaste (control group), GII - calcium sodium phosphosilicate (Novamin), GIII - casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (GC tooth mousse) and GIV- Novel strontiumdoped nanohydroxyapatite paste (SrnHAp paste). Specimens in all the groups were subjected to demineralisation, and calcium/phosphorous ratio was analysed followed by remineralisation and the mean calcium-phosphorus ratio was assessed using a scanning electron microscope and energy dispersing X-ray analysis. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows Software, version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the mean and standard deviation. Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA and Mann-Whitney tests were used. The level of significance was set at 5%. All except the control group showed a net increase in calcium and phosphorous values after application of the respective remineralising agents in respective groups. Inter-group comparison revealed that Group IV - SrnHAp paste yields higher net calcium and phosphorous values than other groups. Hence, novel SrnHAp can be considered as the material of choice in remineralising early enamel carious lesions.

Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Bioactive Glass, Tricalcium Phosphate, and Ozone Remineralizing Agents on Artificial Carious Lesion.

Objectives:Evaluation of efficacy of bioactive glass (BAG), tricalcium phosphate, and ozone remineralizing agents on artificial carious lesion.Materials and Methods:Freshly extracted 48 human premolar teeth were included for this in vitro study. Remineralization of demineralized teeth was done with respective remineralizing agents (Group A – calcium sodium phosphosilicate [BAG], Group B – tricalcium phosphate [Clinpro Tooth Crème], Group C – ozone remineralizing agents, and control group: Group D – deionized water) three times a day for 12 days for 4 min. The degree of demineralization and remineralization was evaluated with Vickers hardness number.Results:There was a decrease in microhardness from baseline to demineralization in all the groups. The difference in microhardness values from demineralization to remineralization in all the three test groups was found to be statistically highly significant.Conclusion:BAG and Tricalcium phosphate had higher remineralizing capacity, which can be used clinically to treat early carious lesions.

Formulations of desensitizing toothpastes for dentin hypersensitivity: a scoping review.

Objective:This study aimed to review evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to describe: 1) the active ingredients and desensitizing toothpaste brands; 2) the evaluation of these active ingredients over time, and 3) the fluoride and abrasive content in the formulations designed to treat dentin hypersensitivity (DH).Methodology:In total, 138 RCTs and their tested toothpastes were included. Searches were updated up to August 19, 2021. Formulations, reported brands, active ingredients over time, and type of fluoride (ionizable or ionic fluoride) and abrasive (calcium or silica-based) were analyzed (PROSPERO #CRD42018086815).Results:Our trials assessed 368 toothpaste formulations, including 34 placebo (9%), 98 control toothpastes with fluoride (27%), and 236 (64%) with active ingredients to treat DH. We tested the following active ingredients: potassium compounds (n=68, 19%), calcium sodium phosphosilicate (CSP) (n=37, 10%), strontium compounds (n=28, 8%), arginine (n=29, 8%), stannous fluoride (SnF2) (n=21, 6%), hydroxyapatite (n=9, 2%), potassium combined with another active ingredient (n=19, 5%), inorganic salt compounds (n=11, 3%), citrate (n=5, 1%), formaldehyde (n=3, 1%), herbal (n=4, 1%), copolymer (n=1, 0.5%), and trichlorophosphate (TCP) (n=1, 0.5%). The number of toothpaste formulations increased since 1968, with the greatest increment after 2010. Most toothpastes described their type of fluoride as sodium monofluorphosphate (MFP) (n=105, 29%) and NaF (n=82, 22%), with silica-based (n=84, 23%) and calcium-based (n=64, 17%) abrasives.Conclusion:Patients and dentists enjoy an increasing number of brands and active ingredients to decide what desensitizing toothpaste to use. The most common types of fluoride are MFP and NaF.

Bioglass: A New Era in Modern Dentistry

AbstractThe function of biomaterials has been to replace infected or injured tissues. The first used biomaterials were bioinert, thus minimizing formation of scar tissue at the interface with host tissues. Bioglass was discovered in 1969. Larry Hench developed Bioglass 45S5, which was the earliest synthetic substance that was bonded chemically with bone. In recent researches it has appeared that Bioglass bonds with bone more readily than other bioceramics; it also indicated that the osteogenic properties are due to stimulation of osteoprogenitor cells by the dissolution products formed from Bioglass. Bioglass is chemically calcium sodium phosphosilicate, which is capable of forming an active chemical bond with the tissues. Bioglass is particularly biocompatible which, when placed in body cavity or on reacting with body stimulating factors, induces hydroxyapatite formation. This paper reviews Bioglass as a material of modern dentistry and its various applications in modern dentistry. It also discusses its composition, methods of preparation, and mechanism of action, along with its advantages and disadvantages.

Morphological, structural, and in vitro bioactivity of core-shell-structured bioactive glass by multitechnical spectroscopic approach

The pioneeristic work of Hench led to the development of a calcium sodium phosphosilicate composition called 45S5 Bioglass®, which has been investigated extensively for applications in the field of bone repair and regeneration because of its bioactivity, i.e., ability to form a bond to living bone. The bioactivity of silicate glass is qualitatively associated with the development over time of the apatite layer on a bioactive glass, while quantitatively it would be related to how fast the formation of this crystalline phase occurs. In this work, (Camoltensaltbath2+|Naglass+) ion exchange in a molten salt bath (MSB) was employed for modifying the glass surface aiming to create a more reactive glass in a thin shell that surrounds the vitreous core, which preserves all the bioactivity characteristics of 45S5 Bioglass® composition. The 45S5@Ca45S5 core-shell-structured bioactive glass is characterized by a vitreous matrix enriched with calcium and a highly depolymerized silicate network. The presence of calcium-rich glass composition restricted to a thin shell acts as a catalyst, accelerating all the earlier events that occur at the glass/solution interface. The kinetics of deposition of the silica-gel and apatite layers was investigated by FTIR and 31P MAS NMR, respectively. The results suggest that the modification of the glass surface causes not only a reduction in the formation time of silica-gel and amorphous calcium phosphate on the glass surface but also induced the formation of the apatite phase with a higher degree of crystallinity.

Y-PSZ/Bioglass 45S5 composite obtained by the infiltration technique of porous pre-sintered bodies using sacrificial molding

The aim of this work was to obtain porous ceramic parts based on Zirconia stabilized with 5mol.% Yttria (5Y-PSZ), suitable for the infiltration with bioactive glasses, using 3D printed sacrificial polymeric molds. In a first step, honeycomb structured molds were designed with the SolidWorks® software and manufactured by 3D printing using polylactic acid filaments (PLA). These molds were filled with a ceramic mass composed of 5Y-PSZ nanoparticles containing 3wt% polymeric binder and consolidated under pressure of 10MPa and then sintered at 1200 °C-30 min the polymeric molds were consumed. The obtained hexagonal-shaped, porous 5Y-TZP bodies were infiltrated with the bioactive glass 45S5, calcium sodium phosphosilicate, at 1350 °C. The materials were characterized by their relative density, their phase composition by X-ray diffraction analysis, and their microstructure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), besides their mechanical properties of hardness and fracture toughness. Pre-sintered 5Y-PSZ substrates exhibit relative density around 75%, and 90% after sintering and Bioglass infiltration. The samples' microstructure is composed of a 5Y-PSZ matrix of sub-micrometric zirconia grains with an average size of 1.0 mm, besides the secondary infiltrated glassy phase homogeneously distributed, with a Ca/P ratio of 1.7, close to the ideal proportion for hydroxyapatite formation. In conclusion, sacrificial molding is an interesting route to obtaining dense Y-PSZ/Bioglass 45S5 composite in a honeycomb format.

Clinical efficacy of nanohydroxyapatite-containing toothpaste at relieving dentin hypersensitivity: an 8 weeks randomized control trial

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate and compare the effectiveness of several toothpastes containing nanohydroxyapatite (nano-HAP) to relieve dentin hypersensitivity (DHS) with that of a commercial desensitizing dentifrice containing calcium sodium phosphosilicate (CSPS).Materials and methodsIn this double-blind, randomized, parallel-group clinical trial, patients diagnosed with DHS and qualified to participate were randomized into four groups: toothpaste containing 10% nano-HAP (10%nano-HAP), 15% nano-HAP (15%nano-HAP), 10% nano-HAP supplemented with potassium nitrate (KNO3) (10%nano-HAPKN), or CSPS. Subjects’ baseline and post-treatment sensitivities were assessed using visual analog scale (VAS) after the application of ice-cold and air stimuli. Subjects used their assigned toothpaste for routine toothbrushing twice daily. Post-treatment sensitivity was assessed every 2 or 8 weeks. Mean change in VAS (mm) from baseline at each time point were compared using random-intercept, mixed-model analysis and Duncan test (P < 0.05).ResultsWith either air or cold stimulus, VAS indicated a significant (P < 0.001) reduction from baseline DHS at each time point with all test toothpastes. Among the nano-HAP toothpastes, 15%nano-HAP and 10%nano-HAPKN were consistent in DHS reduction with both stimuli. With either stimuli, the CSPS did not significantly differ from 15%nano-HAP and 10%nano-HAPKN at any time point.ConclusionsToothpaste containing nano-HAP (10 or 15%) alone or supplemented with KNO3 was as effective as CSPS for relief of DHS symptoms when used at least twice daily.

Bioactive glass and arginine dentifrices immediately relieved dentine hypersensitivity following non-surgical periodontal therapy: A randomized controlled trial.

There is no report concerning calcium sodium phosphosilicate (CSPS) and arginine dentifrices in reducing dentine hypersensitivity (DH) in patients undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of a dentifrice containing bioactive glass, 5% CSPS, and 8% arginine dentifrice in relieving DH in patients undergoing non-surgical therapy. Using a double-blind randomized controlled trial, 45 volunteers with DH following non-surgical therapy were immediately applied with one of three dentifrices containing: 5% CSPS, 8% arginine, or control on DH teeth. The participants then continued to brush twice daily for 8weeks. DH was assessed using the Schiff cold air sensitivity scale and tactile tests at baseline, immediately after application, and up to 8weeks. The Schiff analysis revealed that the CSPS dentifrice significantly reduced DH immediately and declined through week 8. The arginine group demonstrated reduced DH through week 2. In contrast, DH reduction in the control began later at week 1. The visual analog scale analysis demonstrated that only CSPS had a significantly reduced percentage DH at the immediate, 2, 4, and 8weeks compared with the baseline. The percentage of patients with DH (Schiff score ≥2) in the CSPS and arginine groups reduced to ≈ 50% after the in-office application. The number of DH patients treated with CSPS then decreased to 9% at the 2-week evaluation. The CSPS and arginine dentifrices were beneficial in reducing periodontitis patient's discomfort, immediately and in the first 2 weeks following non-surgical periodontal therapy.

Efficacy of calcium sodium phosphosilicate containing dentifrice in reducing dentin hypersensitivity compared to other dentifrices with dentin tubule occluding molecules: A systematic review

Purpose: To assess the effectiveness of calcium sodium phosphosilicate in reducing dentin hypersensitivity compared to other dentin tubule occluding molecules.&#x0D; Methods: A structured research question was formulated, and an electronic search of available literature was carried out via PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. A hand search as well as a gray literature search were also carried out. The search produced a total of 67 articles. Of these, only eight articles were eligible to be included in our review. Risk of bias and study quality were checked using Cochrane tool. The review was registered in The International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under registration number CRD42018096200.&#x0D; Results: The results show a reduction in dentin hypersensitivity with calcium sodium phosphosilicate compared to many other molecules. However, nanohydroxyapatite showed a better desensitizing effect compared to Novamin.&#x0D; Conclusion: According to the available evidence, 5 % calcium sodium phosphosilicate containing toothpaste is more effective reducing dentin hypersensitivity compared to many other dentinal tubule occluding molecules.